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A New Weapon for
Wal-Mart: A War Room
By MICHAEL BARBARO,
NYTimes on the Web, November 1, 2005
BENTONVILLE, Ark., Oct. 26 -
Inside a stuffy, windowless room here, veterans of the 2004 Bush and Kerry
presidential campaigns sit, stand and pace around six plastic folding tables.
Open containers of pistachio nuts and tropical trail mix compete for space with
laptops and BlackBerries. CNN flickers on a television in the corner.
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Spencer Tirey for The New York Times
Wal-Mart's
team of marketing specialists works in a second-floor conference
room at the company's headquarters in Bentonville. |
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The phone rings, and a 20-something
woman answers. "Turn on Fox," she yells, running up to the TV with a
notepad. "This could be important."
A scene from a campaign war room? Well, sort of. It is a war room
inside the headquarters of Wal-Mart, the giant discount retailer that hopes to
sell a new, improved image to reluctant consumers.
Wal-Mart is taking a page from the modern political playbook. Under fire
from well-organized opponents who have hammered the retailer with criticisms of
its wages, health insurance and treatment of workers, Wal-Mart has quietly
recruited former presidential advisers, including Michael K. Deaver, who was
Ronald Reagan's image-meister, and Leslie Dach, one of Bill Clinton's media
consultants, to set up a rapid-response public relations team in Arkansas.
When small-business owners or union officials -- also employing political
operatives from past campaigns -- criticize the company, the war room swings
into action with press releases, phone calls to reporters and instant Web
postings.
One target of the effort are "swing voters," or consumers who have not soured on
Wal-Mart. The new approach appears to reflect a fear that Wal-Mart's
critics are alienating the very consumers it needs to keep growing, especially
middle-income Americans motivated not just by price, but by image.
The first big challenge of the strategy will come Nov. 1 with the premiere of an
unflattering documentary. "Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price" was
made on a shoestring budget of $1.8 million and will be released in about two
dozen theaters. But its director, Robert Greenwald, hopes to show the
movie in thousands of homes and churches in the next month. The
possibility that it might become a cult hit like Michael Moore's 1989
unsympathetic portrait of General Motors, "Roger & Me," has Wal-Mart worried.
So, Wal-Mart has embarked on a counteroffensive that would have been unthinkable
even a year ago. Relying on a preview posted online, Wal-Mart investigated
the events described in the film and produced a short video contending the film
has factual errors. (Mr. Greenwald denies there are errors and says that
Wal-Mart has not seen the final cut.)
Wal-Mart has also begun to promote a second film, "Why Wal-Mart Works & Why That
Makes Some People Crazy," which casts the company in a rosier light.
Wal-Mart declined to make its executives available for the Greenwald film, but
it participated with the second film's director, Ron Galloway. The war
room team helped distribute a letter, written by Mr. Galloway, that challenges
Mr. Greenwald to show the two movies side-by-side.
To keep up with its critics, Wal-Mart "has to run a campaign," said Robert
McAdam, a former political strategist at the Tobacco Institute who now oversees
Wal-Mart's corporate communications. "It's simply nonsense for us to let
some of these attacks go without a response."
Wal-Mart's aggressive new posture is a departure from its tradition of relying
on an internal staff to manage the company's image. The war room, which is
part of a larger Wal-Mart effort to portray itself as more worker-friendly and
environmentally conscious, runs counter to the philosophy of the chain's
founder, Sam Walton. Believing that public relations was a waste of time
and money, the penny-pinching Mr. Walton would not likely have hired a public
relations firm like Edelman, Wal-Mart's choice to operate its war room.
So what has changed? For one thing, Wal-Mart's critics have become more
sophisticated.
For years, unions hurled little more than insults at the chain. But over
the last year, two small groups -- Wal-Mart Watch and Wake Up Wal-Mart -- set up
shop in Washington with the goal of waging the public relations equivalent of
guerilla warfare against the company. Wal-Mart Watch received start-up
cash from the Service Employees International Union; Wake Up Wal-Mart is a
project of the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union.
Unions have tried, unsuccessfully, to organize Wal-Mart's employees.
At the suggestion of Wake Up Wal-Mart, members of the nation's largest teachers'
unions staged a boycott of Wal-Mart for back-to-school supplies this fall.
Wal-Mart Watch, meanwhile, set up an automated phone system that called 10,000
people in Arkansas in June seeking potential whistle-blowers willing to share
secrets about the retailer.
Wal-Mart did not rebut such attacks, even when Wal-Mart Watch released a 24-page
report blasting the company's wages and benefits. Wal-Mart Watch said the
report had been downloaded from its Web site 55,000 times.
Once a darling of Wall Street, Wal-Mart's stock price has fallen 27 percent
since 2000, when H. Lee Scott Jr. became chief executive, a drop that executives
have said reflects, in part, investors' anxieties about the company's image.
Sales growth at stores open for more than a year has slowed to an average of 3.5
percent a month this year, compared with 6.3 percent at Target. And
Wal-Mart is facing growing resistance to new urban stores, with high-profile
defeats in Los Angeles, Chicago and New York.
There is some evidence that criticism is influencing consumers. A
confidential 2004 report prepared by McKinsey & Company for Wal-Mart, and made
public by Wal-Mart Watch, found that 2 percent to 8 percent of Wal-Mart
consumers surveyed have ceased shopping at the chain because of "negative press
they have heard."
The Greenwald movie threatens to make matters worse. It features
whistle-blowers who describe Wal-Mart managers cheating workers out of overtime
pay and encouraging them to seek state-sponsored health care when they cannot
afford the company's insurance. And it travels across small-town America
to assess the effects on independent businesses and downtowns after a Wal-Mart
opens.
The film is a particular concern now that Wal-Mart is trying to move upscale, a
strategy it hopes will appeal to higher-income consumers. In the last
year, Wal-Mart has introduced a line of urban fashions called Metro 7, hired
hundreds of fashion specialists to monitor how clothing is displayed in stores,
and produced more polished advertising.
But for the fashion strategy to pay off, Wal-Mart must win over a group of
shoppers who are sensitive to criticism of the chain's record -- consumers, in
the words of Wal-Mart's chief executive, "who are not worried about their next
paycheck."
Hence the war room in Bentonville. Wal-Mart executives realized they were
unprepared to react to what Mr. Scott began to call the most expensive campaign
ever waged against a corporation. So the company quietly mailed a letter
to the country's biggest public relations firms several months ago seeking their
help in developing a response.
The contract went to Edelman, which assigned its top two Washington operatives
to the account. Wal-Mart would not say what it is paying Edelman, nor
would it allow interviews with the war room staff. Mr. Dach, who is active
in environmental and Democratic causes, was an outside adviser to President
Clinton during the impeachment battle. Mr. Deaver was President Reagan's
communications director and the creative force behind Mr. Reagan's so-called
Teflon image.
Edelman also dispatched at least six former political operatives to Bentonville,
including Jonathan Adashek, director of national delegate strategy for John
Kerry, and David White, who helped manage the 1998 re-election of Representative
Nancy Johnson, a Connecticut Republican. Terry Nelson, who was the
national political director of the 2004 Bush campaign, advises the group.
In turn, Wakeup Wal-Mart is led by, among others, Paul Blank, former political
director for the Howard Dean presidential campaign, and Chris Kofinis, who
helped create the DraftWesleyClark.com campaign.
Wal-Mart Watch's media team includes Jim Jordan, former director of the Kerry
campaign, and Tracy Sefl, a former Democratic National Committee aide
responsible for distributing negative press reports about President Bush during
the 2004 campaign.
The war room staff arrives at Wal-Mart's headquarters, a short drive from a
nearby corporate apartment where they live, by 7 every morning. The group
works out of an old conference room on the second floor, christened Action
Alley, the same name Wal-Mart gives to the wide, circular aisle that runs around
its stores.
Three display boards are covered with to-do lists. One says:
"Promote Week of 10/24/05: MLK Memorial Donation. Urban/blighted
community plan." Two large maps show the location of Wal-Mart and Sam's
Club stores across the United States.
The team starts the day by scanning newspaper articles and television
transcripts that mention Wal-Mart. Next come conference calls with
Wal-Mart employees around the country to plan for events. Whenever
possible, Mr. McAdam said, the war room will try to neutralize criticism before
it is leveled.
That was the strategy behind what Action Alley considers its first coup.
In late September, after several unions broke off from the A.F.L.-C.I.O., the
splinter groups announced they would hold a convention in St. Louis on a
Tuesday.
Action Alley members, assuming Wal-Mart would be a target of criticism during
the union gathering, arranged for Wal-Mart to hold its own news conference the
day before. It invited three local suppliers, a sympathetic local official
and a cashier to say that Wal-Mart had a positive effect on the community.
"If you look at many of the stories that were written about that overall
convention, they've got our messages in them," Mr. McAdam said. "In the
past, when we've just responded to something somebody else is doing, it's sort
of 'you know, by the way, Wal-Mart says ...' We got ahead of this one."
A campaign atmosphere pervades Action Alley. A small bus with the words
"Clinton-Gore" on the side sits on the table. When discussing Wakeup
Wal-Mart, Wal-Mart Watch and the Greenwald movie, Mr. McAdam slips into
political-speak.
"The people who show up at Mr. Greenwald's film are probably not swing voters,"
he said. "They are probably the true believers of their point of view and
I doubt there is a heck of a lot we can do to change their minds."
Mr. McAdam continued: "They've got their base. We've got ours.
But there is a group in the middle that really we all need to be talking to."
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