Evangelical Law Firm
at Front of Culture War
By Kavan Peterson and
Mark K. Matthews, infozine.com from the Web, June 21, 2005
In a modern brick building just off
the highway here, a small team of evangelical lawyers is trying to elevate
conservative Christian values in U.S. society.
Scottsdale, Ariz.
Stateline.org -- infoZine -- This up-and-coming advocacy group, known
formally as the Alliance Defense Fund (ADF), is increasingly challenging
progressive groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union on issues such as
school prayer, gay rights and abortion.
Republicans in the GOP-controlled Wisconsin Statehouse recently asked the ADF to
intervene on behalf of the Legislature to oppose a lawsuit filed by the ACLU in
April on behalf of six lesbian state employees who want the state to provide
employee benefits for their partners.
The Wisconsin case is one sign of the growing political influence of the U.S.
Christian conservative movement. No longer politically passive, groups
such as ADF are well-funded and well-equipped to push their agenda.
"The Alliance Defense Fund has been very effective at finding local conflicts
that symbolize a bigger fight and using those local conflicts as an opportunity
to make a larger statement," said Charles C. Haynes, a senior scholar for the
First Amendment Center, a nonpartisan education group with offices at Vanderbilt
University in Tennessee and in Arlington, Va. They have become the "go-to
organization" for religious conservative activists, Haynes said.
In the Wisconsin case, the state -- not the Legislature -- is the defendant in
the lawsuit, and the state attorney general is responsible for defending state
policies in court.
But Republican Assembly Speaker John Gard said the political leanings of state
Attorney General Peg Lautenschlager, a Democrat, would conflict with the state's
interests because she had voiced support for the ACLU and for same-sex couples
to form civil unions.
"The attorney general and governor have made it clear where their position is on
this issue. But more than anything else, the Legislature is charged with
forming public policy, and that's why we should be involved in this case," said
Gard's spokesperson, Bob Delaporte.
Earlier this year, the Legislature rejected Democratic Gov. Jim Doyle's proposal
to set aside $1 million to provide health benefits to same-sex couples at the
University of Wisconsin, the only college in the Big 10 Conference that does not
provide such benefits.
Lautenschlager declined comment on ADF involvement in the Wisconsin case, but
she has filed for dismissal of the lesbian state workers' lawsuit. In a
legal brief filed June 8, Lautenschlager said there is no guarantee of equal
rights to same-sex couples in the Wisconsin Constitution. She based her
argument on a 1992 appeals court ruling that rejected a similar suit.
ADF's participation in the case is not assured; Dane County Circuit Judge David
Flanagan, who is trying the case, must decide whether ADF can intervene on
behalf of the Legislature. If allowed to intervene, ADF also will argue
that the 1992 ruling nixes state employee benefits for domestic partners, Glen
Lavy, ADF's lead attorney in the case, said in an interview.
ADF was invited into the case on a 6-3 party-line vote in a legislative
committee last month. The move raised the ire of state Rep. Marc Pocan, an
openly gay Democrat representing Madison. "It's a sad day in Wisconsin
when a fringe, extremist organization from outside the state purports to
represent the people's duly-elected body of government," Pocan said.
Fighting gay rights is a high priority for ADF; its lawyers helped defeat legal
challenges to constitutional same-sex marriage bans in Louisiana and Kentucky,
and successfully sued to invalidate marriage licenses issued to same-sex couples
in San Francisco and Portland, Ore. It supported the Boy Scouts of America
in a U.S. Supreme Court case in 2000 that upheld the right of the youth
organization to exclude openly gay leaders.
To ADF officials, the Wisconsin case simply affirms their belief that the group
speaks for the majority of Americans when it goes to court. "The views we
are representing are the mainstream," Lavy said. "We are not representing
an extremist position that a few people support
Key legal victories for religious conservative groups
● United States v. American Library Association
(2003): The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that Congress has the authority
to require libraries to censor Internet content in order to receive federal
funding, as required by the Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000.
● Scheidler v. National Organization for Women
(2003): The U.S. Supreme Court, in an 8-1 ruling, held that anti-abortion
protesters were not in violation of federal extortion or racketeering laws.
● Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002): The
U.S. Supreme Court, voting 5-4, held that Ohio's school voucher program, which
allowed parents to send their children to private or religious schools with
taxpayer-funded vouchers, did not violate the First Amendment's requirement of
separation of church and state.
● Good News Club v. Milford Central School
District (2001): The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that barring private
religious organizations from using public school facilities for after-school
meetings violates free-speech rights.
● Dale v. Boy Scouts of Americas (2000):
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the Boy Scouts of America is a private
organization and had the right to exclude a homosexual scout leader from
leadership positions.
● Mitchell et al. v. Helms et al. (2000):
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that religious groups can receive
taxpayer-funded education resources, as long as they further a legitimate
secular purpose and are granted equally to non-religious groups.
● Agostini v. Felton (1997): The U.S.
Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, held that public school teachers can tutor
students in private religious schools.
● Hurley v. Irish-American Gay Group of Boston
(1995): The U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that a private citizens
group that organizes Boston's St. Patrick's Day Parade could not be forced to
include a gay, lesbian and bisexual group in the parade.
● Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the
University of Virginia (1995): The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that public
universities must provide direct funding of religious student newspapers if
non-religious school programs receive funding
Based in this upper-middle-class suburb of Phoenix, ADF was founded in 1993 by
James Dobson's Focus on the Family and about 30 other conservative evangelical
ministries. With an annual budget exceeding $17 million, the group
describes itself as a defender of "religious liberty, the sanctity of human
life, marriage, and the traditional family."
It is one of the foremost pro-religion, anti-gay rights litigators to emerge
from the "religious liberty" movement of the 1990s, said attorney Mathew Staver,
president and general counsel of the conservative Florida-based law firm Liberty
Counsel, which shares ADF's ties to evangelical Christian groups.
In an attempt to counter the progressive influence of groups such as the ACLU,
which was founded in 1920 and handles nearly 6,000 civil rights-related lawsuits
per year, conservative Christian groups began creating pro-religion law firms in
the 1990s. These groups also include the American Center for Law and
Justice, founded by religious broadcaster Pat Robertson; The Rutherford
Institute; the Thomas More Law Center; The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty and
the American Family Association Center for Law and Policy.
ADF is one of the largest of these organizations; its annual fund-raising rose
from $4.7 million in 1997 to nearly $18 million in 2003, according to tax
documents.
In addition to its legal team of 23 full-time attorneys, ADF says it has about
750 lawyers nationwide committed to doing 450 hours of pro bono work annually in
exchange for legal training, primarily in constitutional law. ADF claims
to have funded or litigated more than 1,300 cases since its founding.
ADF and other conservative Christian law firms now wield enormous legal clout,
said Frank Ravitch, constitutional law professor at Michigan State University
College of Law.
"One of the huge mistakes that the (political) left has made in dealing with
these groups over the years is ... to think these are a bunch of fanatics and to
stereotype and characterize them that way. They may be zealots, but
they're very smart, well-organized and well-funded," said Ravitch, author of the
book, "School Prayer and Discrimination: The Civil Rights of Religious
Minorities and Dissenters."
Separately, ADF and other Christian law firms are a fraction of the size of the
ACLU, which has chapters in every state and is reported to have a $100 million
annual budget. But combined, they are an increasingly powerful rival,
Staver of Liberty Counsel asserted.
"For decades, there was this moving train, pushed primarily by the ACLU, to curb
religious freedoms, and nobody was trying to slow it down or resist it. ... But
collectively, we've been able to make a huge difference in a short time frame,"
he said.
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Source: Contact Kavan Peterson at
kpeterson@stateline.orgkpeterson at stateline dot org
and Mark K. Matthews at
mmatthews@stateline.orgmmatthews at stateline dot org
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